3G network based security threats Essay

The key dangers for 3G arranges in context of mix of systems are: Wireless LAN client who doesn't approach 3G systems gain admittance to 3G administrations without membership. WLAN client accesses 3G arrange and makes issues, for example, Denial of Service WLAN client accesses 3G system and utilizations pantomime for utilizing the administration however charging different clients. Control of charging when administrations like calls are moved starting with one system then onto the next. Application and Data related dangers. Assortment of login subtleties and individual subtleties that are transmitted over the system by utilizing sniffing instruments and components, particularly when adequate vehicle security isn't set. Control of data utilized for client validation or administration access to access unapproved administrations or control of charging. Concentrates individual data that are utilized at different places, for example, charge card data. Get data about client, for example, changeless character in the system. Infection assaults from WLAN gadgets to different gadgets in the system Trojans and vindictive programming went starting with one end-gadget then onto the next. For volume based charging model, a maverick accomplice can flood the client with trash parcels to expand the invoiced sum. Noxious projects on the client terminal that expands the traffic to specific destinations or substance to wrongfully build the traffic. Security Considerations for 3G-WLAN Integrated Networks. The security system for 3G-WLAN coordinated systems comprises of different layers. Every security layer is free of different layers. Nonetheless, there should be a general security plot that associates all the security prerequisites together. Additionally, since a portion of the vulnerabilities can occur at different layers, an all encompassing methodology and system is required to address all the dangers of the extraordinary system. Validation security at the client terminal. The validation plot on account of 3G-WLAN ought to be founded on a test reaction convention like the current versatile correspondence verification conspire. This necessitates the validation subtleties in the client terminal to be put away safely on UICC or SIM card. This should bolster common validation and security components such EAP. Flagging and User Data Security. The endorser needs to have a similar degree of security as the versatile access that is indicated for the 3G systems. This implies the WLAN confirmation and re-verification systems must be at indistinguishable levels from for 3G USIM based access. It needs to help the keeping up meeting key check and support. Likewise the 3G frameworks ought to furnish the necessary keys with adequate length and levels of entropy that are required by the WLAN subsystem. WLAN key understanding, conveyance and verification system ought to be secure against any assaults by brokers. The WLAN get to innovation between the client hardware and the passageway/system ought to have the option to use the created meeting keying material to guarantee the trustworthiness of the association for confirmation. Security of User Identity. The keys utilized by 3G AAA work that are utilized for the age of brief characters that is utilized for the correspondence between the system component and the client terminal ought not be conceivable to recoup. In the event that it is conceivable to recover the keys, the perpetual personality can be gotten from any of the brief characters. Likewise it should be conceivable to veil the distinctive impermanent personalities comparing to the perpetual character.

Should Capital Punishment to Be Abolished or Not free essay sample

Tit for tat would make the entire world visually impaired. Mahatma Gandhi. This is an axiom that numerous individuals refer to when they pitch for the abolishment of the death penalty (capital punishment) from the legal procedure. The long rundown of the terms which are not exactly worthy in a majority rules system starts with terms like the death penalty and capital punishment. That, notwithstanding, doesnt imply that this type of discipline isn't satisfactory in a majority rule government. Indeed, two of the biggest majority rule governments on the planet India and the United States of America, both have the arrangement for the death penalty as a piece of their lawful framework. Without a doubt, the choice that death penalty might be the suitable assent in extraordinary cases is a declaration of the communitys conviction that specific wrongdoings are themselves so egregious an attack against mankind that the main satisfactory reaction might be the punishment of death. We will compose a custom article test on Should Capital Punishment to Be Abolished or Not or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The death penalty is a boorish endurance from a less edified and refined age; it is mixed up and contrary with our current standard of progress and humankind. It has been annulled by numerous states and nations, and we should anticipate the day when different governments will stick to this same pattern Capital discipline, otherwise called Death punishment, is basically the execution of a person as discipline for offense by a state. The violations which can prompt the death penalty are called capital wrongdoings or capital offenses. Prior, the slaughtering of lawbreakers and political rivals was pervasive in pretty much every human progress. With the time, almost all European and a few Pacific Area states (tallying Australia, New Zealand and Timor Leste), and Canada have nullified capital punishment. Most of states in Latin America have totally nullified the death penalty, be that as it may, a couple of nations, similar to Brazil, use capital punishment just in extraordinary circumstances, for instance, foul play submitted during wartime. There are still a significant number states and nations that hold the utilization of the death penalty, including the United States (the government and 36 of its states), Guatemala, greater part of the Caribbean, Japan, India, and Africa (Botswana and Zambia). In practically all retentionist nations, the death penalty is allowed as a punishment for arranged homicide, secret activities, foul play, or as a component of military equity. As of late, the instance of Mohammad Afzal, a fear based oppressor who was seen as blameworthy of affecting the assault on the Indian Parliament House, has sprung up the contention in regards to the Indian law of the death penalty. Right to Life Capital Punishment in India In India, the death penalty is conceded for various wrongdoings, tallying murder, starting a child’s self destruction, inciting war against the administration, demonstrations of psychological warfare, or a second proof for sedate dealing. Capital punishment is authoritatively allowed however it is to be utilized in the ‘rarest of rare’ cases according to the judgment of Supreme Court of India. Among the retentionist nations around the globe, India has the most reduced execution rate with only 55 individuals executed since freedom in 1947. Since the state of the ‘rarest of rare’ isn't actually characterized, in some cases even less horrendous homicides have been granted the death penalty inferable from poor support by legal advisors. Since 1992, there are around 40 kindness petitions pending before the president. The proposition for annulment of capital punishment for unimportant offenses was achieved however there was a ton of shout from legal advisors , judges and parliamentarians and the supposed defenders of social request. Multiple times the House of Commons passed the bill and multiple times the House of Lords dismissed the equivalent. With the progression of time, the voice for annulment of capital punishment became more grounded over the world particularly in Britain. Be that as it may, notwithstanding restriction, the bill was passed and the quantity of cases where the death penalty was granted was decreased quite a long time after year and capital punishment was held for offenses like homicide and treachery. As of now, on the planet 133 nations have annulled the death penalty dejure or defacto. 64 nations have held it. Bangladesh is one of them. (source: Amnesty International Website) In UK , capital punishment was nullified in 1965 aside from offenses of treachery and certain types of theft and offenses submitted by individuals from the Armed Forces during wartime. In India , the ongoing pattern is unmistakably towards the cancelation of capital punishment. Before the revision of Criminal Procedure Code in 1955, it was compulsory for a court to give explanations behind not granting capital punishment if there should be an occurrence of homicide. Under the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973, the court needs to record purposes behind granting capital punishment. A merciful option of life detainment is increasing legal ground in India . In a main instance of Bachan Sing v. Territory of Punjab(1980) 2 SCC 684,the Supreme Court held by a larger part of four to one that the arrangements of capital punishment as an elective discipline for homicide in segment 302 of Penal Code was not outlandish and was in the open intrigue. The disagreeing perspective on Justice Bhagwati was that rather than capital punishment, the sentence of life detainment ought to be forced. He put accentuation on barbarity and cold-bloodedness engaged with capital punishment. It is unavoidable and can't be reviewed. It stifles the fire of life for ever. It is ruinous of the privilege to life which is the most valuable right of every one of the, a privilege without which pleasure in no other right is conceivable. Equity Bhagwati rejects the view that capital punishment goes about as an obstacle against potential killers. As per him, this view is a fantasy which has been painstakingly supported by a general public which is impelled less by rationale or reason as by a feeling of retaliation. End It has been vowed in the preface of the republics constitution that correspondence and equity will be made sure about for all residents. The freedom saints had committed their lives with the end goal of setting up a government assistance state in which basic human rights and opportunities and regard for the respect and worth of the human individual will be ensured. Assurance against brutal, barbaric, or corrupting discipline is a crucial right under workmanship. 35 (4) of the constitution. So opportunity has arrived to reevaluate capital punishment as a methods for discipline. The universes pattern is decisively towards the amendment of the guilty parties in lieu of perpetrating coldblooded, barbaric and corrupting discipline. Bangladesh as a law based nation can't fall behind. The state is experiencing aggregate increment of violations inferable from a lot of components, for example, absence of good administration, nonattendance of rule of law, defilement, patronisation of fear mongers, wide hole between those who are well off and the less wealthy, fierce legislative issues, etc. Rather than giving accentuation on evacuating these elements, we are wrongly endeavoring to check wrongdoings by causing excellent discipline. What is a rarest of uncommon case? In the Bachan Singh judgment of 1980, the Supreme Court decided that capital punishment ought to be utilized uniquely in the rarest of uncommon cases. In excess of a fourth of a century later, unmistakably through the disappointment of the courts and the State specialists to apply reliably the systems set somewhere near law and by that judgment, the Courts injuries stay unfulfilled. In a judgment conveyed in December 2006, a Supreme Court seat conceded the Courts inability to develop a condemning arrangement in capital cases (Aloke Nath Dutta and ors. . Province of West Bengal (MANU/SC/8774/2006)). The seat analyzed decisions in the course of recent decades in which the Supreme Court arbitrated upon whether a case was one of the rarest of the uncommon or not and finished up: What might establish a rarest of uncommon case must be resolved in the reality circumstance acquiring for each situation [sic]. We have likewise seen hereinbefore that various r ules have been received by various seats of this Court, in spite of the fact that the offenses are comparable in nature. Since the case included offenses under a similar arrangement, the equivalent without anyone else may not be a ground to set out any uniform rules for granting a capital punishment or a lesser punishment as a few factors along these lines are required to be mulled over. The disappointment of the Court was apparent when it expressed: No condemning arrangement in obvious terms has been developed by the Supreme Court. What would it be a good idea for us to do? In that specific decision, the Court drove the appellants capital punishment. Around the same time, in any case, another seat of the Supreme Court maintained capital punishment forced on a litigant who had sentenced for killing his better half and four youngsters (Bablu @ Mubarik Hussain v. Province of Rajasthan (AIR 2007 SC 697)). Subsequent to alluding to the significance of reorganization and restoration of wrongdoers as among the premier targets of the organization of criminal equity in the nation, the judgment simply alluded to the appellants statement of the homicides as proof of his absence of regret. There was no conversation of the particular circumstance of the litigant, the thought process in the killings or the chance of change for his situation. Capital punishment Statistics A glance at capital punishment insights of the world uncovers that around 90 percent of the nations have just nullified capital punishment. These nations incorporate Portugal, Venezuela, France, Canada, and so forth. This, be that as it may, hasnt ended up being as productive true to form, since a portion of the significant nations on the planet, including China, India and the United States, still ontinue the utilization of capital punishment execution as a piece of their lawful framework. Measurements likewise uncover that around 80 percent of capital punishment executions the world over, originate from the Asian nations, with China at the front line with the most noteworthy execution rate on the planet. Truth be told, the quantity of

Ginseng :: Essays Papers

Ginseng Premise of the Asian Science of Consumption The Asian convention of classifying food depends on the perception of one’s response after utilization. It is established in the hypothesis that food gives vitality to the body and brain. The extents and types of vitality fluctuate, some are amazingly invigorating while others may even debilitate the body and brain (3). The Asian word for vitality is ch’i, notwithstanding, its interpretation reaches out a long ways past the Western comprehension. It is fundamentally thought of as the soul or basic vitality existing in all creatures and components of life (water, air, earth, and so forth). The ch’i of a sound individual is adjusted. This thought of parity is the establishment of Asian deduction spoke to by the image of â€Å"yin and yang†. Yin is what might be compared to what is dim, cold, and sodden; while yang is related with light, warm, and dry components; in this way speaking to adjust. The thought of parity exists all around in all components and is spoken to or clarified by this image. Hence, since one’s vitality must be adjusted so as to remain solid, and further, since it is food that gives vitality, the Asians have made a study of utilization that powers the psyche and body from inside. Nourishments that reinforce the body by expanding or diminishing vitality levels as indicated by need are viewed as pu nourishments, as a rule having a tonic and animating impact. Nourishments of this nature are uncommon and set at significant expenses, yet since they are accepted to be critical in adjusting one’s ch’i many are happy to follow through on the significant expenses so as to achieve them. Anderson calls attention to in his article, Traditional Medical Values of Food, that pu nourishments are â€Å"famous worldwide as instances of the strange things people will eat and address significant expenses for†. Ginseng is the most profoundly respected and generally costly. It has kept up a sublime setting since old occasions. It is urgent to comprehend the extraordinary centrality that Asians place in nourishment to keep up balance so as to guarantee one’s wellbeing. It is likewise important to comprehend that accomplishing this equalization speaks to the most fundamental worry of life and subsequently outrageous measure might be taken to accomplish it. A Quick Introduction to Ginseng Ginseng is the normal name of the two types of the panax family, Araliaceae. Panax is the Asian species and panax quinquefolius is the American cousin (2).

Managerial Finance Annual Report and Accounts

Question: Portray about the Managerial Finance of Annual Report and Accounts. Answer: Presentation ASOS Plc is a universal style stop for youngsters, established in the year 2000 and headquartered in London, England. ASOS is a British delight and online store that plans to offer in excess of 80,000 marked and self-brand things with the help of web experiences and restricted portable from their separate habitats arranged in United States, China, United Kingdom, and Europe to approach about each spot on the planet (ASOS, 2015). Comparable to the budgetary year 2015, the organization was in an invaluable situation in the year since it announced an improvement of around 80% of deals in United Kingdom that incorporates around twelve percent of upgrade in worldwide deals goes with consistent benefits. ASOS has embraced different powerful strides to meet the fulfillment of its clients and has encircled procedures to improve its innovation advancements that have additionally helped with accomplishing the significant objectives of the organization (ASOS, 2015). The purchaser association of the organization keeps on being adequately high and building up every year. Moreover, the thought process of the organization stays firm in turning into the main in vogue spot for individuals particularly in the twenties (Deegan, 2011). Calculation of 5 Key Ratio Gainfulness Ratio These proportions are a class of practical measurements that are used to assess the capacity of a business to produce incomes or profit contrasted with its expenses and other related costs caused during a specific timeframe. Profit for resources Profit for resources is a marker of how gainful an organization is related to its all out resources. It offers a thought with regards to how successful administration is at using its resources for produce profit. It is calculable by isolating the absolute yearly profit of an organization by its all out resources and portrayed as a rate. Subsequently, better yield on resources proportion means better utilization of benefits by an organization. Profit for Assets 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Net gain (I) 36,866 36,950 40,928 9,904 10,849 Resources (II) 4,77,897 3,79,963 3,11,751 2,06,278 1,36,168 Profit for Assets (I/II) 0.08 0.10 0.13 0.05 0.08 Net Profit Margin This proportion processes the profit or incomes made by an organization as a level of the all out deals attainable by it. In this manner, higher the qualifications between the incomes and costs, more is the companys net benefit (Christensen, 2011). Subsequently, net revenue proportion is advantageous in discovering the capacity of an organization to upgrade its profit without improving its expenses in a comparative sum. This proportion is processable by separating the total compensation of an organization by its all out deals during a year. The accompanying delineates the net revenue of ASOS Plc for as far back as five years: Net Profit Margin 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Total compensation (I) 36,866 36,950 40,928 9,904 10,849 Deals Revenue (II) 11,50,788 9,75,470 7,69,396 2,38,023 3,39,691 Net Profit Margin (I/II) 3.20 3.79 5.32 4.16 3.19 Liquidity Ratio This proportion gauges the capacity of an organization to take care of obligation commitments and its edge of wellbeing (MOS) through the calculation of measurements going with the present proportion, working income proportion, and snappy proportion (Choi Meek, 2011). Subsequently, to continue smooth activities of the organization, it needs to keep up an extent in between its fluid resources and non-fluid resources. Current proportion It is the proportion between current resources and current liabilities of an organization. The typical standard of a present proportion is normally two, which suggests that the benefits of an organization must be twofold of its liabilities so commitments can be effortlessly paid off. Thus, current proportion going underneath one is extremely risky for an organization (Davies Crawford, 2012) Current proportion is calculable by separating the present resources of an organization by its present liabilities. Current Ratio 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Current Assets (I) 3,37,098 2,60,662 2,33,132 1,47,638 83,809 Current Liabilities (II) 2,37,298 1,85,539 1,51,952 1,00,291 66,848 Current Ratio (I/II) 1.42 1.40 1.53 1.47 1.25 Effectiveness proportion This proportion normally applies to banks and as a rule terms, it suggests costs as a level of income with a couple of contrasts. It is used to assess how well an organization uses its liabilities and resources inside (Brigham Ehrhardt, 2011). It can figure the reimbursement of liabilities, turnover of receivables, essential utilization of apparatus and stock, and so on. It helps a financial specialist to encourage examination between at least two organizations of comparative industry. Income per share (EPS) The EPS of an organization is the bit of its benefit inferable from each exceptional portion of basic stock. It is processable by separating the all out income of an organization by its number of value shares (Fields, 0qq). The Earnings per portion of ASOS Plc during the five-year time frame are as per the following: Profit Per Share 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Complete Earnings inferable from proprietors 36,866 36,950 40,928 9,904 10,849 No of Shares 83,034 83,125 81,751 79,078 74,375 Profit Per Share 44.40 44.45 50.06 12.52 14.59 Dissolvability Ratio This proportion helps with estimating the ability of an organization to meet its drawn out obligations. Plus, the dissolvability proportion measures the organization size after assessment salary, not pleasing non-money devaluation costs, as differentiated to a companys net obligation commitment (Brealey et. al, 2011). At the end of the day, it helps with assessing the capital structure of an organization. Value Ratio This proportion is a sort of money related proportion that aids the calculation of measure of advantages financed by value. It quantifies the extent of net resources financed by partners, instead of loan bosses. It is calculable by separating the all out resources of an organization by its all out value (Brigham Daves, 2012). Additionally, ASOS doesn't have any influence and consequently obligation is missing. The accompanying depicts the value proportion of ASOS during the five-year time frame: Value Ratio 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 All out Equity (I) 2,37,315 1,93,031 1,59,799 1,05,987 72,120 All out Assets (II) 4,77,897 3,79,963 3,11,751 2,06,278 1,36,168 Value Ratio (I/II) 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.53 Value Earnings Ratio (P/E proportion) So as to register the Price Earnings proportion of ASOS Plc, it is significant to consider the offer costs of the organization and its past revealed income. The accompanying portrays the P/E proportion of ASOS dependent on a few sources: Market cost per share (value) = 4,606 (roughly) EPS (Earnings per share) = 44.40 P/E proportion is calculable by partitioning the cost per share by its profit per share. Consequently, the P/E proportion of ASOS reports at 4606/44.40 = 103.74 Since the present P/E proportion of the organization reports at around multiple times, it is assumable that a speculator is bound to forfeit a value that is 103.74 occasions the EPS of the organization. Examination dependent on above figuring Benefit Ratio-It is noticeable that the organization has accomplished critical development accomplishments notwithstanding the way that it has not existed for a drawn out period. Besides, its net overall revenue ranges from 3%-5% that is a decent marker. The ROTA of ASOC has additionally been firm and it is observable that the organization is endeavoring to create with each outperforming year. Both the net revenue and ROTA was at most extreme in 2013. Liquidity-The present proportion of ASOS reports around 1.5 consistently that isn't exceptionally valuable and yet, not all that hazardous to its liquidity. It is assumable that the companys liquidity is in a moderate zone. Productivity EPS of the organization helps with deciding its effectiveness. It is discernible that EPS has improved since the previous five years that means effective execution of methodologies, in this manner encouraging in better profit of the organization. Speculation The capital structure of the organization alludes to its venture and it is perceptible that its capital structure is liberated from obligation. This implies the organization tasks are led through the assets got from issue of offers (Albrecht et. al, 2011). Also, the dissolvability of ASOS Plc depends on its capital structure. Be that as it may, the value proportion of ASOS is likewise firm during the five years, which implies sufficient support of interest in value and resources in an equivalent extent that has encouraged in food of value proportion to be around 0.50. ASOS Plcs development of offer costs during 2014-2015 The beneath referenced diagram depicts the development of offer cost of ASOS during 2014-2015. It is noticeable that the organization share costs fluctuate from 4,194 GBP to 1,785 GBP in the year. In addition, the decrease in share costs was observable in the first place a very long time after which the organization made an immense jump and achieved its greatest in the period of April 2015 that detailed offer cost at 3000 GBP (ASOS Plc, 2016). End It is discernible that the total execution of the organization is very acceptable regardless of the way that it has been in activity for just sixteen years and still, it has figured out how to achieve great results. Besides, the organization has assumed a key job in satisfactory fulfillment of financial specialists through proper execution of the systems. This means the center quality and

Essay Topics on National Security - Current Issues

Essay Topics on National Security - Current IssuesThe topic for the essay topics on national security is in the news as national security issues are growing. The topic has become prominent over the past several years due to increased threats and changes in foreign policy. The essay topic for national security will assist the student in developing a strong argument. In this day and age, the essay topics on national security is key to having an argument that is compelling and can hold up to the most scrutiny.Some of the essay topics on national security are presented in the section on military and foreign policy. The discussion of this is brief but should be worth the investment of time in writing. An essay in this section will demonstrate a solid understanding of the current foreign policy challenges, and how they can be combated. The essay in this section will also demonstrate an ability to analyze foreign policy and how to use this knowledge to serve one's purposes.The next category in the essay topics on national security is current foreign policy. This is a very difficult subject to cover because there are many diverse interests, and opinions that come from this group. It is important that the essay writer includes all sides of the argument, because an essay in this section will include information that does not apply to other sections.The third part of the essay topics on national security is the topic of domestic policy. This section is similar to the previous section in that it examines both political and international concerns that affect our daily lives. For this section, the focus should be on foreign policy and national security. This section is important to discuss because it can offer insight into the current political issues facing our country.The final section is in the area of psychology and human behavior. This section offers the opportunity to examine international issues in an objective manner and to explain the significance of these issues to our daily lives. The essay in this section must include a clear explanation of why this topic is significant to our lives, and how these issues impact one's daily life.A major component of an essay on the topic of national security is a well-written introduction that describes the purpose of the essay. An introduction should be clear, concise, and lead the reader to a conclusion that will be more of a reason for the essay. An introduction is essential to the success of any essay.The final section of the essay topics on national security is the conclusion. This section gives the student the opportunity to reflect upon the subject matter covered throughout the essay. This final section is particularly important for the students who have chosen a unique course of study or area of interest. The student is allowed to customize this section according to their needs.The topic of the essay topics on national security can include things such as politics, foreign policy, economics, human beh avior, and many others. The students who plan to take this course are encouraged to prepare for this type of challenge.

Marketing management - 1375 Words

Marketing management (Term Paper Sample) Content: Marketing management: case analysis of Himalaya shampoo Insert Name Institution Instructor Date Marketing management: case analysis of Himalaya shampoo Introduction: Case synopsis The shampoo market in India had grown exponentially due to customers placing a high degree of importance on their physical appearance. Herbal brands and synthetic brands are widely used, however coming from a tradition of using herbs, Indians tend to prefer the herbal brands more than the synthetic ones. Himalaya shampoo is among the herbal brands of shampoo that had to compete with established and successful conventional and ethnic brands such as the Nyle, Meera, Gamble, and Unilever India. The challenge for Himalaya was to formulate a positioning strategy so that it can be able to reach out to consumers who strongly prefer herbal shampoos. This would require a deep analysis of the consumer beliefs associated with the non herbal offerings and the herbal offerings. Essentially, Himalaya shampoo needed a differentiation strategy to strengthen its brand image among consumers. It needed to use insights from the responses provided by consumers Analysis of the market Shampoo is a fast moving product in India and it has been projected to continue growing over the next few years. The consumer market is growing with the increase in number of consumers with high disposable income. The Indian market is divided into three segments including herbal, anti dandruff, and cosmetics. Himalaya shampoo is among the known brands offering herbal products for complete hare care. However, the market is highly competitive due to the threat of competition, new entrants, and substitute products. In the herbal segment of the shampoo market alone, Himalaya faces stiff competition from companies such as Vatika and Meera. Other top brands in the market include Garnier Fructis, Head and shoulders, Pantene, Dove, Clinic plus, and Sunsilk. The Indian market is led by Unilever India. The other top brands control 44 percent of the market Procter and Gamble as a single entity controls 25 percent of the market share. There are also numerous other brands dealing in herbal shampo o products. It is also easy for new entrants to penetrate the market. Penetration of the market in urban areas is at 100 percent while the rate in rural areas is 20 percent. These rates of market penetration are an indication that the new entrants pose a significant threat to the already established brands within the market. The threat of substitute products is relatively high as there are non herbal products that consumers can select over the herbal products. Furthermore, there is a little bit of processing involved in the herbal products. Customers can opt to choose synthetic products over the herbal ones however there is more inclination towards herbal products than towards synthetic products. Consumer preference in India helps to reduce the threat of substitute products. The Himalaya Branded products contain words such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"protein, anti dandruff, and anti hair fall' in them. These words provide an edge for the company's products over other synthetic products. Most of the non herbal products are anti dandruff and cosmetics used for personal hair care. The herbal products are comprehensive and offer complete solution for hair care. Case analysis The promotion and innovation of product are a common strategy used by marketers to protect shares and sales. However, these strategies are sometime expensive to maintain. From the case, Himalaya shampoo utilized a strategy that focused mainly on a feature of their product, the herbal nature of their shampoos to market itself. This is common among many organizations, especially the ones dealing in business to business marketing CITATION Pam051 \l 1033 (Seiple, 2005). The mistake that is commonly made is to focus primarily on a feature of a product and neglect the corporate brand. It is a consumer belief in India to use herbal shampoos compared to the non herbal products. The belief was borrowed from the traditional practices where people relied on herbs for personal hygiene and personal care. The analysis of consumer insight on the company's branded products was as important as the analysis of the company's corporate reputation and trust among consumers. Consumers in India are inclined more towards herbal shampoo than non herbal shampoos mainly because of the Ayurvedic system of healing. The system provides a wholesome approach into the diagnosis of diseases. It uses herbal remedies for the treatment of body ailments. Himalaya Shampoo would therefore use this information to improve their service innovation as a strategy for brand differentiation. This however would require the company to deeply understand its competitors in order to improve services delivery in a way different from its competitors. Service innovation implies going beyond the traditional focus on after sale support, availability, and price. Himalaya Shampoo's focus of differentiation was limited to availability of their products and the critical product features. The market is almost saturated with many players seeking for a share. Majority of the players are also using the idea of product feature to promote their products and differentiate their brands. Succeeding in such a situation requires innovation and adoption of new and effective strategies for differentiations. Service innovation transcends the differentiation strategies since the product itself is usually not enough to secure sales and to improve the performance of the company. The Himalaya Drug company is involved in the distribution, marketing, and manufacturing of several products including personal care products, health care products, animal care products, baby care products, and pharmaceuticals. It has a global operation with presence in more than 90 countries worldwide. It positioning targeted the high end market and the mid market segments. In order to penetrate the Indian market, the company had to brand its products using the Ayuvedic concept which forms a support basis for personal and healthcare products. This was important to survive in this market. According to O'guinn (2008) branding differentiation best occurs when a service or a product performs well using an important and specific customer benefit. For instance, from the case of Himalaya Shampoo, the Indian consumers are characterized by an inclination towards herbal products based on the Ayuvedic system. The Ayuvedic system is the customer benefit because consumers value this belief as par t of their traditions. Himalaya Shampoo brands its products differently in other markets. The Concept of Ayuvedic may not be practical in US market or the European market. A company that intends to be a leader in a particular category of a customer benefit offers a brand image that enables consumers to think of it once they feel the need of that particular benefit CITATION Kim04 \l 1033 (Kim, Park, Jeong, 2004). For instance, some companies are known for their low prices and whenever a consumer wishes to purchase a product at a low price, he or she will first think of ...

Practice in Using Quotation Marks Correctly

This exercise will give you practice in applying our Guidelines for Using Quotation Marks Effectively (U.S. edition). InstructionsInsert quotation marks wherever they are needed in the sentences below. When youre done, compare your answers with those on page two. For several weeks in 2009, the Black Eyed Peas held the top two spots on the music charts with their songs I Gotta Feeling and Boom Boom Pow.Last week we read A Modest Proposal, an essay by Jonathan Swift.Last week we read A Modest Proposal; this week were reading Shirley Jacksons short story The Lottery.In a famous New Yorker essay in October 1998, Toni Morrison referred to Bill Clinton as our first black president.Bonnie asked, Are you going to the concert without me?Bonnie asked if we were going to the concert without her.In the words of comedian Steve Martin, Talking about music is like dancing about architecture.The indie folk band Deer Tick sang What Kind of Fool Am I?Was it Dylan Thomas who wrote the poem Fern Hill?Uncle Gus said, I heard your mother singing Tutti Frutti out behind the barn at three oclock in the morning.Ive memorized several poems, Jenny said, including The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost.All our failures, wrote Iris Murdoch, are ultimately failures in love. Answers to the exercise Practice in Using Quotation Marks Correctly For several weeks in 2009, the Black Eyed Peas held the top two spots on the music charts with their songs â€Å"I Gotta Feeling† and â€Å"Boom Boom Pow.†Last week we read A Modest Proposal, an essay by Jonathan Swift.Last week we read A Modest Proposal; this week were reading Shirley Jacksons short story The Lottery.In a famous New Yorker essay in October 1998, Toni Morrison referred to Bill Clinton as our first black president.Bonnie asked, Are you going to the concert without me?Bonnie asked if we were going to the concert without her. [no quotation marks]In the words of comedian Steve Martin, Talking about music is like dancing about architecture.The indie folk band Deer Tick sang What Kind of Fool Am I?Was it Dylan Thomas who wrote the poem Fern Hill?Uncle Gus said, I heard your mother singing Tutti Frutti out behind the barn at three oclock in the morning.Ive memorized several poems, Jenny said, including The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost.All our failures, wrote Iris Murdoch, are ultimately failures in love.

Essay on Downfall of the Family in We Were the Mulvaneys

In the novel We Were the Mulvaneys by Joyce Carol Oates, the act of rape causes the Mulvaney family to become distant and silent. Since no one wants to talk about the violent event except the youngest son Judd, there were consequences. The consequences of not talking about it are dramatic. The family looses contact with each other, and becomes angry towards each other. However, Judd wants to talk about it, and understand what happened. Since he does want to talk about it, he keeps in contact with every family member, and consequently there is no anger towards him. After Michael Mulvaney Sr., the father, find outs about the rape, he becomes starts to drink heavily, become silent and angry with his family and consequently he loses†¦show more content†¦The next day Marianne is told that she is going to live with Corinnes cousin for a while. When Marianne first told her mom about the rape, her mom was very supportive and tried to get Marianne to talk about it. Their relationship was good, however it changed over time. She helped Marianne out with everything and told her to keep rested. Corinne tried to talk to Michael Sr. about what happened and what he was thinking, but he insisted that it would be best if Marianne lived somewhere else. After Marianne moved out her mom stopped phoning her. Corinne did not tell Marianne or invite her to Patricks, the second oldest, graduation. Mariannes grandmother died, and Corinne did not tell her. Marianne found out through her mothers cousin. The funeral is Thursday at eleven, as Ive said. At their church...But your mother doesnt want you to attend, Im afraid (324). Even after this, Marianne didnt realize what her mother was doing to her. Whether she knew what her mother was doing to her and didnt say anything or, she knew but just didnt want to believe what she was doing to her. The reaction of the brothers was a bit different from the reactions of the parents. The oldest son Michael Jr. moved out of the house and into the city. Patrick, the second oldest, stayed quiet until he graduated out of high school. After Michael Jr. moved out he did still work for his father. After some time though, he found out, through his younger brothers, how hisShow MoreRelatedAustralian Aborigines Essay2225 Words   |  9 PagesAustralian Aborigines Until this paper, I never even knew there was such a word as â€Å"Aborigine† let alone it being a race of people dating back to the prehistoric times. I thought that all Australians were of Anglo decent, but I was wrong about that assumption. The Aborigines were the first and only inhabitants of Australia, until the late 18th century when European settlers came. Because of the Europeans, the Aborigines lives would change drastically. In this paper, I am going to talkRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pageseffectively oust, by force, a colonial power. These were monumental times, and these men, fully steeped in the apocalyptic visions of the world, saw something important in all of these happenings. I grew up in Jamaica at a time when Rastas were still regarded as useless, lazy, half-insane, ganja-smoking illiterates who were of no value to society. Teachers, students, ofï ¬ ce workers, and anyone of social importance could not grow locks, and families would go into mourning when their sons would start

Analysis Of `` Everyday Use `` By Alice Walker - 1315 Words

Jacques Derrida had once said that culture is something in which everything is arranged so that it is this way. I believe that culture is the opposite as it creates the way in which you perceive external forces rather then it being the external forces arranged in a specific way. Culture therefore allows one to become informed about foreign cultures to which one is then to perceive the culture a specific way. Culture is the multitude of many factors in which it consistently informs one s perception of the world surrounding them as well as the individuals. For instance, in Alice Walker s Everyday Use, two sisters, Maggie and Dee, lived together with their mother. In the story, the mother sends Dee away ,to send her Augusta to school. Afterwards, the mother explained that ,she used to read to us without pity, forcing words, lies, other folk s habits and that Dee had burned us with knowledge we did not necessarily need to know. The importance the first quotes helps define the shift in environment, this shift has allotted Dee to assimilate and inherit different values in the city then what she would have valued on the house with Maggie and the mother. The quotes afterward help explain the values Dee has assimilated into her culture and the quotes show the response to the values from the mothers perspective. Dee has found a use for knowledge and reading in the city, a value Maggie and specifically the mother finds no need for, and due to the mother s heritage ofShow MoreRelatedEveryday Use by Alice Walker an Analysis1049 Words   |  5 P agesTamica Powell September 30, 2011 Everyday Use Analysis Everyday Use is a compelling story of a mothers conflicting relationships with her two daughters. Maggie, which the mother feels contains more practical and traditional ways of living life and then Dee her oldest and most promising daughter, who she feels has broken away from tradition and has lost a lot of their heritage. At first glance you would see this as the normal mother daughter spat of maybe the wild child versus the littleRead MoreAnalysis Of Everyday Use By Alice Walker951 Words   |  4 PagesAn Analysis of three messages from Everyday Use Do you know where your mother got her wedding ring? Most people get their rings from their parents and pass it down to their first child usually. This is probably the most commonly past heirloom, but some families have other heirlooms. Heirlooms are something that is passed down from generations to generation. It will usually be very old and valuable, from it traveling around the world to the Americas or from a great great grandparent. Alice WalkerRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Everyday Use By Alice Walker1083 Words   |  5 PagesUse (Literary analysis on Everyday Use by Alice Walker) Everyday many people use the same things such as phones, cars, sinks, washer, refrigerators, and etc. In 100 years would you can future ancestors still have those things but only use them as decoration or use them still no matter how old they are because that is what they are made for? Everyday Use by Alice walker is a story of an African American family that had two daughter that live a very different reality. Maggie being scarred from aRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker Analysis978 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding Everyday Use by Alice Walker One of the most monumental short stories of the twentieth century is Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use.† By carefully considering the use of point of view, a better understanding of the story’s meaning will be obtained. It will be possible to appreciate how diverse language patterns and cultural differences may impact the understanding of characters and conflict situations. Everyday Use is a unique story as it places the voice of an African American woman atRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker Analysis971 Words   |  4 PagesThrew different Eyes The story Everyday use would seem very different if told from someone else but not Mama. Think of having a friend/girlfriend that is very smart and sophisticated. Then going to visit her family with her. Also getting there and her family nothing like her. They do not think the same act the same and/or look the same. Then they are arguing over something that seems pointless and useless. Everything they eating looks nasty and/or taste nasty. Alternatively, being the younger siblingRead MoreAnalysis Of Everyday Use By Alice Walker1007 Words   |  5 PagesThe Better Sister The short story of â€Å"Everyday Use† was written by Alice Walker. Mrs. Johnson is the narrator of the story. In this petite narrative, Mrs. Johnson and her youngest daughter Maggie get a visit from her oldest daughter Dee who graduates from college and Mrs. Johnson and Maggie both bear witness to Dee’s change. As Dee is trying to embrace the modern culture in the twentieth century. Thus, in Alice Walker’s story, Mrs. Johnson’s perspective changes at the end, at first favoring DeeRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker Analysis1538 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Everyday Use† Historical Criticisms explored the disconnection that people can sometimes have depending on their education. Alice Walker successfully shows the disconnection by comparing two ends of the spectrum of generation. Taking the historical context, it plays a major role in the way this short story is viewed. It was a time where people of color had a different and difficult experience ge tting an education. When the narrator was talking about having an education it was important because sheRead MoreAnalysis Of Everyday Use By Alice Walker1826 Words   |  8 Pagesculture is something that shapes and tells others who you are. For example, in Alice Walker’s short story â€Å"Everyday Use† you are introduced to Mrs. Johnson and two other characters that are loose portrayals of Walker in her younger and older periods of life (Obaid). The first one being Maggie who is depicted as her younger more walled self and the other being Dee an older version of Walker who lightly symbolizes Walkers later beliefs through some of the actions she takes in the story (Obaid). As theRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Alice Walker s Everyday Use2414 Words   |  10 PagesTulsi Rizal Prof. Mary Huffer Eng122 24 April 2016 Critical Analysis of Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use† Alice Walker, most revered African American writer of the present time was born on 9th February 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia. She started her career as a social worker/activist, followed by teaching and and being a writer. She has won many awards for her fantastic social and literary works. Everyday use† was published in 1973, when African Americans were struggling to revive their original African cultureRead MoreAnalysis Of Alice Walker s Everyday Use935 Words   |  4 Pageswhen the writer states what the characteristics of the character are. Meanwhile, indirect characterization is when the writer shows the characters characterization through their actions. Although, not everyone has the same perspective. â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker is a short story that reveals how different perspectives can be misleading. Portrayed as a realistic fiction, many readers can relate to this short story due its difference between perspectives. A story in which two sisters and a moth er

Australia s Responsibility For Offshore Processing

Australia’s Responsibility for Offshore Processing in Nauru and Papua New Guinea (PNG) In 2013, Australia signed a Regional Settlement Arrangement (RSA) with PNG and later a new Memorandum of Understanding with Nauru regarding refugees resettlement . Notwithstanding Australia’s attempt to evade from its international human rights obligations by sending asylum seekers and refugees outside its territory, as Australia is a party to a number of treaties, including the ICCPR, the ICESCR, the CRC, the CAT and the Refugee Convention , Australia’s international human rights obligations clearly apply when transferring asylum seekers to a third country. The essay argues that Australia has the responsibility for human rights abuses, if any, in†¦show more content†¦Respect for sovereignty refers to the non-interference in the independent governmental power in Nauru and PNG; however, this does not restrict any international human rights obligations of Australia, which is determined in accordance with international law and treaty interpretation â€Å"in good faith, according to their ordinary meaning, and in light of their context and the treaty’s object and purpose† . 1.1 Acts Attributable to Australia A State can â€Å"act† through the conduct of its agents. Conducts by any governmental bodies or anyone with governmental authority, and entities acting under the direction or control of the State could be attributed to the State . Regarding asylum seekers in Nauru and PNG, conducts by the Australian Immigration Minister, the Department of Immigration and Border Protection (DIBP) and DIBP officers should be attributed to Australia, as they make up decisions to remove asylum seekers to Nauru or PNG on behalf of the Australian government. Moreover, the conduct by Transfield, the contractor designated by the Australian government to manage the detention centres, may be attributable to Australia because it exercises elements of governmental control over the centres. 1.2 Breach of International Obligations Third country processing for asylum seekers is not prohibited under international law, but Australia could still remain liable for the transfer, and ought to ensure adequate safeguards for the transferred asylum seekers .

Consumer Generated Advertising Essay examples - 2710 Words

Consumer Generated Advertising in Today’s Marketing World March 29, 2011 With the increasing development of technology, advertising has changed significantly. These changes force organizations to adapt and embrace new concepts. The traditional way of advertising put all the control in the businesses hands although now this control shifted to the consumers. ‘Consumers are now creating their own ads for the brands they love and hate, using inexpensive software and powerful personal computers, and then distributing these via social networks such as YouTube’ (Peter Steyn, 2010). Consumer generated advertising is centered on what individuals, that consume a product or service, relay about their experience. Therefore these†¦show more content†¦Organizations can find information on what consumer prefer by analyzing consumer generated advertising and what is liked or disliked about other products. There are many implications of consumer generated advertising on marketing practices and consumer marketer relations. Some of the positive implications are cost, more diversity, and increased ties to consumers. The downsides include having to sort through all of the advertisements to find the best ones and the ideas may be lower caliber than ones generated by paid associates. The main implication of consumer generated advertising is cost. This is because you are spending less money on employee’s salaries, advertisements, and because companies have less space to fall if they fail. When companies engage in consumer generated advertising they are paying less for their marketing staff to generate ideas. They are also spending less on overall advertising because they just put out that they want people to come up for advertisements for a certain good or service and then they pay to air those commercials. This is better as well due to the fact that consumer generated advertisements have more impact on sales (Moskowitz, 2006). When companies are not paying as much for the advertisements then it is not as big of a deal if the advertisements are not as effective. When companies engage in consumer generated advertising they are getting very creativeShow MoreRelatedUser Generated Content Essay743 Words   |  3 PagesUser-generated content Brianna Hughes Northeaster State University User generated content is on the verge in the media industry and becoming a world wide system used on the internet and in commercials. The growth of new media has increased communication between many people all over the world. People are able to speak their mind through websites, blogs, pictures, and other user-generated media. User-generated content is another way for people to access things at a quicker pace with fastRead MoreBenefits Of Search Engine Advertising Essay1603 Words   |  7 Pagesbenefit of search engine advertising. Search Engines There are many search engines that searchers choose to use such as Yahoo, Bing or Google. These search engines generate billions of dollars in revenue through advertising. Bing is estimated to generate $5.3 billion in advertising revenue in 2016 (Ovide, 2016). Bing is owned by Microsoft and is its lowest business priority. Yet, Bing has outperformed its competition Yahoo which generated $4.9 billion in advertising revenue. Microsoft has createdRead MoreThe Social Media Consumers Health Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe Social Media Consumers Health The social media industry’s fast development over the last decade has been changing prescription drugs advertising because most pharmaceutical companies are aware that many American consumers are regularly using social media platforms. For example, according to Kees et al. â€Å"Barely or Fairly Balancing Drug Risks? Content and Format Effects in Direct-To-Consumer Online Prescription Drug Promotions† 37% of Americans searched the internet for information on prescriptionRead MoreGoogle vs Facebook: Internet Marketing Essays596 Words   |  3 Pagescontrolled by two IT giants, Google and Facebook. In this article we discuss the marketing strategies, services and the ongoing battle between these two giants that has over taken the advertising world from radio and television and spun billions of dollars in the process Google and Facebook, both started out without any advertising services. While Google was primarily a search engine, Facebook offered itself as an attractive social networking alternative. As both of them grew in size and popularity, theyRead MoreMarketing Plan At Unisex Salon1107 Words   |  5 Pagespromotion, advertising, and budget for a Unisex salon that targets both men and women. The scene of makeup has diversified over both genders and hence the business has found it productive to invest in satisfying the potential consumer needs for both genders. Promotion Section I will always ensure that the relationship between my Unisex Salon and the potential consumers is exclusively productive and positive besides operating towards the realization of optimum satisfaction of consumer needs. TheRead MorePromotion: A Cost or Benefit to the Organization?666 Words   |  3 Pagesof the four foundational elements of marketing, promotion is essential for creating a high level of awareness, interest and contributes to the trial of new products. The effects of promotional strategies are often seen in the context of broader advertising initiatives and programs designed to attract new prospects and turn them into customers (Villarejo-Ramos, Manuel, 2005). Promotion therefore is more of an investment and less of an expense, in that it contributes to the long-term success of a brandRead MoreThe Relevant Theories Of Advertising1354 Words   |  6 Pages2.2.2. Relevant Theories of Advertising When discussing within the advertising sector, a universally praised model must to mention is AIDA-model. Lewis (1898) first proposed the concept to describe the steps of consumer behaviour that occurred from the time when a consumer first became aware of a product or brand through to when the consumer tried a product or made a purchase decision (Priyanka, 2013). The model had four psychological stages including awareness, interest, desire, and action (HassanRead MoreA Brief Note On Dove Tackles Social Issues880 Words   |  4 Pagesutilize for branding, promotion, and even learning about some consumer behaviors (Winch, A., 2015). One tool, called Leximancer, used for data-mining, in an application based on algorithms and allows for the interpretation of prose data along with a visual depiction (Campbell et al, 2011). What is gained by using Leximancer are overall interpretations and a better understanding about how consumers behave, using data and consumer generated feedback to n arrow specific criteria into themes, ideas, conceptsRead MoreCustomer Reviews On Hotel Bookings1084 Words   |  5 Pagesown peril. According to the paper, a 2010 study by Mckinsey and Co. claimed that â€Å"word of mouth is the primary factor behind twenty to fifty percent of all purchasing decisions† and that â€Å"marketing-induced consumer-to-consumer word of mouth generates more than twice the sales of paid advertising in categories as diverse as skincare and mobile phones.† Considering the previously presented evidence, I believe any hotel that plans to be successful should be actively engaged in managing online reviewsRead MoreMarketing Plan Blogger1586 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough audio content. User generated content and blogging continue to connect individuals and groups while providing an avenue to feel needed and part of something. People are using these avenues to create business, drive revenue, gain information, and advertise products and services, an d present views on a variety of topics. Environment trends: Individuals and Corporations are starting to depend on the blogging industry, podcasting industry, and user generated content industry as a way to convey

Critique Essay on- Why we Believe in Unbelievable

Question: Discuss about Critique essay on Why we believe in unbelievable? Answer: The essay Why we believe in unbelievable written by Michael Shermer will prove an excellent writing for those who believe in superstitions and enjoy dipping into the issues and ideas of creationism, dualism, essentialism and strongly believe in institutions. After reading the essay, the most enjoyable and the new thing we can find is the look at repugnance and hatred and why few people find such particular incidents or things like accident of Princess Diana and 9/11 attack abhorrent and why other people do not find them objectionable. Also in the authors text the same concept has been contradicted in the conclusion through which we can develop the meaning of super sense as a way of bringing together the whole world in some kind of a order. It is very unlikely that we can get rid from all this beliefs, it exits in our society and will be there in the future too. The main reason of its existence it that it is a key for our functioning as a social animal. After reading the authors writing I feel that the history of the modern civilization can be better described in a slow and steady carving of supernatural beliefs. In todays time we do not worship most of the Gods which we and our ancestors were worshipping. Gone are those days when we use to believe in astrology, numerology, witches, ghosts which people claimed to be psychics. Today is the time of modern thoughts where we are favouring women to work, to vote, and pursue professional careers and also promoting inter racial marriages. Above all the advancement in our thoughts have reach to such a peak where we are accepting homosexuals and sooner will accept it as a norm. There was a time when all these things were considered wrong and was a hatred topic to be discussed and such repugnance is posted as super sense by the author in his writings. But such claims begs a question for me, that if we are able to defeat or conquer such irrational and irrelevant symptoms of super senses then w hy we should not expect ourselves to overcome other things from which we are repulsed without any good reason. For eg like stem cell, genetically modified organisms and science of human genetic engineering are scientific researches which have a valid proof and we should accept such inventions instead of considering them as super senses. As per the 2009 poll, Americans have accepted that they still believe in Angels and devils instead of believing in science of evolution. Through the text Shermer tries to look for answers why do people believe in those things which the scientists consider to be unbelievable. Skepticmagazine founding publisher Shermer (The Mind of the Market: Compassionate Apes, Competitive Humans, and Other Tales from Evolutionary Economics, 2007, etc.) writes entertainingly about the scientific basis of belief. There are times where scientists do believe in few unproven things like origin of universe, big bang theory to which scientists are trying hard to prove the results of experiments against the null hypothesis (Collins Harper). Through the essay the Shermer throws light on conspiracy theories of 9/11 attack which brought down the twin towers and believe in extra sensory perceptions which are replicated by the magicians. Above all the author has fully tried to make us believe in our lives. To an y situation when we jump to make false conclusions is like a recognition pattern made by our mind that has been evolved from our ancestors. Even the animals and birds can anticipate the danger and fast respond to their environment. A quote written by the author explains that we as humans have an emotional leap of faith which is required beyond any reason. When we are rushing to the airport and suddenly the road gets blocked due to land slide making us to miss the flight. After an hour we get to know that the particular flight got crashed and all passengers died on spot. Grefter Amanda argues that Reality is Relative: Our quest for an objective view of the world is thwarted by our personal beliefs. Amanda clearly states that this is our personal beliefs that God saved our life. If we are religious, then we will definitely presume the falling of tree as a miracle and the proof that God is with us and he saved our life. But if we are not practical then we will definitely consider this situation as an incredible fortunate fluke. Thus these two interpretations of ours on the same event has been exemplified by Amanda that our belief comes first followed by our explanations. So the next question comes from where does our beliefs come from, according to Shermer they comes from our ability to see patterns in noise, real or imaginary world and our tendency to relate our mind and intentions to such patterns. Such skills of patternicity are evolved from ancestors which makes us to believe in angels, devils, ghosts and God. According to the neuroimaging studies, our belief into angels and devils is almost equal to our belief in one plus one is two. Therefore Shermer explains that we cannot eliminate our superstitious learning because people believe weird things because of our evolved needs to believe non-weird things. Shermer has oddly organized his writing. His cognitive biases will surely make the rational readers to think again and will feel to recognize the flaws in their thinking and will definitely start evaluating their beliefs. Shermer has showed his awareness and concern that he is too a part of such flawed thinking and by sharing such personal belief has made Shermer a forever trustworthy guide. After reading the text our quest for objective reality comes on peak on which Shermer answers that science is our immense hope which gives answers to all our beliefs and dis-beliefs. By reading Shermer text and his book The Believing Brain it is clear that there are superstitious beliefs prevailing in our culture, ages and society. Shermer says that it is the only way through which we can gather knowledge and can move ahead keeping our individual lenses of belief behind. I would recommend this essay of Shermer to those who are sick of identifying in politely settling of garrulous distractions of life. Work Cited Grefter Amanda. Reality is Relative: Our quest for an objective view of the world is thwarted by our personal beliefs. (2011). Web March 3, 2016. Collin Harpers. Super sense: why we believe in the unbelievable The Skeptics dictionary. Web March 4, 2016. Shermer Michael. Conspiracy theories: Why we believe in unbelievable. Web Nov 16, 2013. Shermer Michael, Stephen Jay Gould. Why people believe in Wierd things: Pseudoscience, superstition, and other confusion of our time. (2002). Web March 4, 2016. Bruce Hood. Why we believe in the unbelievable. (2009). Web March 4, 2016.

Marshall Islands

Question: Writing an essay on Marshall Islands? Answer: Introduction I am writing an essay on Marshall Islands. It is a small island country and is located close to the equator in Pacific Ocean. The largest city and the capital of this country is Majuro. The official language of the natives is Marshallese, English is fairly a common language that is spoken in this Island. Location Marshall Islands is a part of a larger group of Islands known as Micronesia. It is located 4000 km in the northeast direction of Australia. There are two groups of islands running from northwest to southeast. A rough estimation of about 30 atolls and 1152 islands are present in the Marshall Islands but only 19 atolls and 4 islands are inhabited. It is located in the tropics and thus the weather of the country is mostly humid and hot. Temperature of the country in average is around 81 degree Fahrenheit or 27 degree Celsius. The country receives rain from the month of May till November. The annual rainfall received every year is about 157 inches or 4000 millimeters. Population The population of the country was estimated to be 6800 in the year 2009 and the density of the population is about 375 persons present per kilometer square (2015). The population is growing in a rather rapid speed. The birth rate of this country was 45 to 1000 births in the total population and 6 to 1000 deaths. This rate of birth and death rate suggest that most of the population of this country is about the average age of 0 to 14 years. Population in the urban area is about 70% of the total population of the country. Major number of the population of this country belongs to Micronesian group. Most of the inhabitants practice Christianity. The literacy rate in the year 1980 showed that the rate was about 93%. Economy There is a very little scope of exports due to the fact that the Islands have not many natural resources. This is the reason why they import things more than export. They have 2 brackets for income tax with the rates of 12 percent and 8 percent and 3 percent corporate tax. US government assists the island and this is the reason why the islands economy has not broken down. They have a base in the country for which they give rent to the locals (Rmiembassyus.org, 2015). Agriculture in Marshall Islands in confined to very small farms. The commercial crops that that grow include tomatoes, melons, coconuts and breadfruit. There are few small scale industries present which is confined to fish processing, handicrafts and copra. The economy of the country is also stable due to its tourism. In the year of 1997 about 1000 tourist arrived in this islands. There are some private hotels present and there are many guest houses provided by the government in the country. In the year 1977 was estimated that about 3 million dollars were made because of tourism. The tourism rate was falling down in the past due to the fact that the country did not have a lot of facilities (Unesco.org, 2015). History Marshall Islands were first occupied by the Micronesians in the 2nd millennium BC, very little is known about its history. It was first explored by a Spanish voyager Alonso de Salazar in 1526. European travelers, Captain John along with Thomas Gilbert entered the islands in the year 1788. It was named Marshall Islands after the European traveler captain John Marshall. Spain had a claim over Marshall Islands from the year of 1874 but she did not try to maintain its foothold there and as a result Germany gained their position in Marshall Islands. Britain had no objection on the colonization of Marshall Islands by the Germans.Even before the Germans came and colonized the place, Japanese fisherman and traders visited the Marshall Islands time to time. During the World War I, Japan captured many colonies including many in Micronesia. During the time when Japan colonized the Marshall Islands, they moved or shifted 1000 or more Japanese to these Islands. Japan even inflated the administration and also appointed leaders who were natives this weakened their tradition of ruling. One third of the land that was above the water level was taken by the Japanese government. During the Second World War, US occupied and invaded the Islands in the year 1944. During the time of its invasion by the US the people in the Islands suffered due to the lack of food items and injuries. This Island was then used for nuclear tests. Marshall Islands gained its freedom in the year 1979 and the country gained full and complete control in governing the country. The procedure of Independence was officially complete in the year 1990. Intresting Fact The islands comprise 2 small groups of islands and a total of 29 atolls. It is one of the smallest country in the world. The two groups of island are: Ratak Chain which means sunrise and Ralik which mean sunset. Its history goes back to second millennium BC; the occupants were mainly sea travelers. It motto is jepilpilin ke ejukaan meaning accomplishment through joint effort. A flower named Flame of the Forest is found in the atolls which s considered as a blessing by the natives of the country. The most important food in its economy is Copra which is dried coconut meat. There is only one land mammal preset in the country which is Polynesian rat. Us government performed nuclear test in the atolls of this country (Topics.nytimes.com, 2015). The nuclear test was performed in the year 1954 on March 1. It was the first hydrogen bomb that was tested and the name of the Atoll where it was tested is Bikini. Conclusion Marshal islands are one of the smallest countries. It was colonized and explored by several nations. Its economy is still standing due to the assistance received from US. The Second World War had some devastating effects on the country. There were nuclear test performed in this country by the US government. Reference (2015). Retrieved 29 May 2015, from https://(Topics.nytimes.com, 2015) org,. (2015).RMI Homepage. Retrieved 29 May 2015, from https://www.rmiembassyus.org/ nytimes.com,. (2015).Marshall Islands. Retrieved 29 May 2015, from https://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/marshallislands/index.html org,. (2015).Marshall Islands | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 29 May 2015, from https://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/worldwide/asia-and-the-pacific/marshall-islands/

Finding a Sample Essay of Applying Scholarship Money

Finding a Sample Essay of Applying Scholarship MoneyWhen you are looking for a way to find scholarship money for college, you should take a look at what the average student spends most of their time doing on their college scholarship search. One of the main reasons that students spend so much time doing research is because they are trying to find information and ideas about scholarships. It can be hard to be successful at searching for college scholarships if you have no idea what scholarship money looks like. In this article I will talk about finding a sample essay of applying scholarship money.There are several different kinds of scholarship money that the average student will be looking for. The problem with many students is that they don't understand what is out there for them to apply for. They either spend all their time reading about scholarships or they will research the people who write about scholarships. This just doesn't work when it comes to finding scholarship money for college. It is so important that you find a good research method that works for you.The best way to find a good research method for scholarships is to use the Internet. All you need to do is type in 'sample essay of applying scholarship money' into Google and you will be able to find samples of essays that can help you write your own essay. You will get to see how the essay should look when you are writing your own essay.There are many students that use this kind of essay as a stepping stone to eventually finishing a college essay. After all, a lot of college scholarships require an essay and it would be impossible to write one in one day. By using an essay that has been used by others you will be better prepared to write your own.It is always best to start out your research method by going to your local library. Look up the name of the person who wrote the scholarship essay and make sure you go through all of the pages that they have written and read them over several times. This is a great research method because the person who wrote the essay will be able to tell you the mistakes that they made in the past.Also, once you go through the library you should ask a few other students who are going to be looking for scholarship money. If you have done your homework, you will know the right questions to ask to make sure that you are choosing the right essay for your needs. Remember, not all scholarships require a writing sample.You want to make sure that you cover your background, your interests, and any other information that are listed on the essay. You do not want to make a mistake in your essay by writing an essay that doesn't fit the criteria of the scholarship that you are applying for. To make sure that you do not make a mistake to try to get some advice from another student. Ask them about how the writer of the essay should prepare and how to answer specific questions.When you are done you should be able to know where you stand with the writing part of th e application process. This is a great research method that will help you develop a research paper for scholarship money that you need to write. The essay will look like a professional essay and the results will help you to apply for the scholarship you are seeking.

8 Steps to Changing Your Career

8 Steps to Changing Your Career If you’re considering changing your career, you might want to consider following these key steps. 1. Think why  you want to make a changeThe first step is to ask yourself some important questions. Do you hate your job? Do you think the grass is greener somewhere else? The more important question is: why are those things true? Once you get clear on the â€Å"why,† you can figure out what’s really motivating you, and have a chance of finding something that will truly hold your interest and attention. It can also save you from facing the same (or different) unforeseen problems in your next position.2. Think what  your ideal future looks likeFollowing your passion is one thing, but making smart career choices is another. Figure out exactly what you want your new career to look like, what exactly you want to be doing on a daily basis. Then figure out what you already have in your back pocket that qualifies you. What is your capital here? What can you leverage to e ase your transition and net this in the win column?3.  Assess everything you’ll need to tackleMake sure you know exactly what you need to have prepared in order to make your transition. Are there any skills or certifications you need to acquire first? Do you have the financial safety net to transition? Will there be any other factors such as childcare or housing that you’ll need to consider? Avoid getting your pants caught around your ankles and only make your move when you know you can execute.4. Make a planBefore you act, plan. Figure out your goal, and set a timeline. Break it up into steps and milestones and then set about checking each off. Measure your progress and enjoy the momentum you build as you work toward your new career.5. Track your progressHold yourself accountable to your timeline. Set deadlines and reminders for different pieces of your transition plan. Make lists, or even Excel spreadsheets, to keep yourself on track. You’re investing a lot in making this change, make sure you’re wasting none of your time or energy.6. Pivot your brandYou’ll need to shift your image a bit so that your new audience will understand and accept you. Make it easier for them to â€Å"get† you, where you’re coming from, and why they should want you. Figure out how to set yourself apart from competitors who’ve been in that field for years. Figure out how your old career narrative can be adapted as an asset in your new one. Think of yourself as a daring new product for a tired field, then sell that.7. Call in the cavalryYou have people. You have a network. Mobilize them. Consider asking your most trusted contacts for help. Ask for specific things that will make it easiest for the people who have your back to contribute effectively to your cause. You have a network; use it!8. Meet the right peopleYou need to know some important contacts in your new field. This is a given. Don’t let it stress you out. Show that you are genuinely interested in their experience and expertise, flatter carefully but not too much, and don’t ambush anyone. A little genuine respect can go a long way in sweetening up valuable allies.Change is scary. If you follow these steps, you won’t be at a risk of bailing on your career change dream. Do your homework, be methodical and open-eyed, and then take a well-placed flying leap.

A Science Issue Of Young Children Example

A Science Issue Of Young Children Example A Science Issue Of Young Children – Coursework Example The article, ‘Science in the Air’ by Sherrie Bosse, Gera Jacobs and Tara Lynn Anderson is highly pertinent for developing and enhancing children’s critical thinking prowess and understanding about science. Children have inherent tendency to be curious about things and their ability to ponder over the things that they observe in their daily life needs to be gently prodded for seeking answers. The teachers, family and friends all must collectively take responsibility to ensure that children’s tendency to explore and investigate various aspects of the events that are taking place in their life are explained in fun ways so that learning becomes a much sought after activity. Daily events like day and night, changing of leaves, animal and insects, growing transition period etc. are important issues for children and intrinsic part of science and technology that must be linked together for children so that children’s scientific knowledge is enhanced and they become motivated to explore things in more scientific manner. The authors have diligently explained how various activities of children’s life are important media for developing scientific temperament in children and boosting their power of critical thinking. Early years of children are crucial times that must be exploited by teachers and parents to guide and enrich children’s abilities for greater learning outcome. They should encourage children to discover and learn things through practical experience. This would help them to understand how evolution takes place and how they can contribute to make the world a better place to live. Indeed, this is the right time for them to learn about environment and it helps human beings to live a better life. Moreover, increasing their awareness about science ensures that children become better equipped to address the challenges of contemporary times.(words: 289)ReferenceBosse, Sherrie, Jacobs, Gera & Anderson, Tara Lynn. (November , 2009). Science in the Air. The Journal of NAEYC, 64(6), 10-14. https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/40883975/naeyc_youngchildren_200911%20copy.pdf

E commerce project-INTROMAMA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

E commerce project-INTROMAMA - Essay Example Joury Al-Wazzan is a mother-to-be who has an experience running a small business. Suad Al-Ghanim is a business woman who works in the real estate sector. Therefore, the owners of IntroMama represent qualified experience personnel who also represent the targeted segments and know exactly what these targets want. IntroMama is a website dedicated for newly mothers. It is an introduction to their new lifestyle as a pregnant woman and challenges as new mothers. It nurtures them through its service-based system that offers all of that for the main stages during pregnancy and onwards, especially after the childbirth. It is an educational service model, special event planning website and also a product selling model so its considered a hybrid model. Our mission is to provide a user-friendly platform that will be the premier destination online for mothers and mothers to-be offering products and services to guide them through a successful motherhood. Providing information as a service, through designed software to inform the mother of new updates in every stage. (Pop-ups, messages through your facebook account, i-phone apps etc.) And have those messages and emails through periodical timings: weekly, daily, and monthly. Using the website also to offer products (not only services), where she could shop online for her and her baby (clothing, baby care products, toys, educational books, maternity clothing). Delivered to her doorstep. In Kuwait which is our local market, mothers/mothers to be/ladies, are currently obsessed with all issues connected to maternity which is the baby’s health, the perfect diet, nutritional updates, fitness activity of that phase, baby receptions and baby showers, birthdays are all considered a booming market. For us those are our targeted segment, where we will discuss them in details later on in this paper. On-line shopping users are significantly increasing; customers all over the world are shifting to on-line

Career Services and Placement are major Components to connect students Lab Report

Career Services and Placement are major Components to connect students between the academic program and the workplace - Lab Report Example One of the key factors is knowing how to market the students. For example, Liberal Arts is such an encompassing major that personnel learned to explain to prospective employers that the students would be highly trained in "communication, teamwork, and critical thinking skills" (189). According to Nell, studies showed that students who mastered these three attributes retained their jobs longer, and were promoted more quickly. This was a salient point for prospective employers. Also, a class was created called Transitions from College to Work, and made mandatory for all upcoming Liberal Arts graduates. The university was pleased with its results, and Nell quoted one official as saying, "We believe that we have illustrated a model for any institution to use, regardless of size, organizational structure, or resources" (192). Most placement departments intend to stay competitive, and use a variety of means to do so. In "Jump-Starting the Job Search," Tricia Bisoux writes that many departments dedicate at least one person "solely to corporate relations" (24). She added that good departments also "increase their travel time and visit companies throughout the year to stay in contact" (24). In "B In "Business Unusual," V. Scott Koerwer and Cherie A. Scricca interviewed employees of Robert H. Smith School of Business. The school was losing ranking in placement of graduates because "our connections were still not deep enough to satisfy our graduates' job expectations" (24). The Smith School decided to join forces with a job search firm to increase placement rates. In "Year Up's Success," Anne Lewis chronicles the help given to students attending Cambridge College. Her take is simple: "A career service manager helps students with job placement, career development, and higher education applications" (7). The program, Year Up, is meeting placement and wage markers since it began in 2000. How Successful Do Placement Programs Have to Be It might bear asking if college students should need so much help securing employment. The general consensus, though, is that students do need the extra attention paid to their post-collegiate success. In "The Flogging of For-Profit Colleges," Richard P. Hassler discusses proprietary institutions, and how the students are seen as customers to be served. Therefore, career services must take on the dual role of serving the customer, as well as employers. Hassler writes, "These departments not only assist graduates and attending students with job placement, but also help current and prospective employers understand the benefit of hiring students from that school," (72). Andreas Walmskey, Rhodri Thomas, and Stephanie Jameson agree. In "Surprise and Sense Making: Undergraduate Placement Experience in SMEs," they write, "Focusing on placement impacts on future career choices," (361) meaning that students are more likely to choose majors that show success in employment. In "Get a Job," Joh n Savarese writes that the most important instructors are the "counselors at the campus's Career Services center" (66). Since it is

The Fifth Discipline Essay Example for Free

The Fifth Discipline Essay Introduction The organizations that will truly excel in the future will be those that discover how to tap people’s commitment and develop the capacity to learn at all levels in an organization. Deep down, people are learners. No one has to teach an infant to learn. In fact, no one has to teach infants anything. They are intrinsically inquisitive, masterful learners. Learning organizations are possible because at heart we all love to learn. Through learning we re-create ourselves and are able to do something we were never able to do earlier. Through learning we reperceive the world and our relationship to it. Through learning we extend our capacity to create, to be part of the generative process of life. There is within each of us a deep hunger for this type of learning. This seminal book by Peter M Senge explains how learning organizations can be built. The building blocks Systems Thinking Business and other human endeavours are systems of interrelated actions, whose full impact may be seen only after years. Since we are part of these systems, it’s hard to see the whole pattern of change. Instead, we tend to focus on snapshots of isolated parts of the systems, and wonder why our deepest problems never seem to get solved. Systems thinking is a conceptual framework, to make the full patterns clearer and to help us see how to change them effectively. Personal Mastery Mastery means a special level of proficiency. People with a high level of personal mastery are able to consistently realize the results that matter most deeply to them in effect. They approach their life as an artist would approach a work of art, by becoming committed to their own lifelong learning. The discipline of personal mastery, starts with clarifying the things that really matter to us, of living our lives in line with our highest aspirations. Mental Models Mental models are deeply ingrained assumptions, generalizations, or even pictures of images that influence how we take action. Very often, we are not consciously aware of our mental models or the effects that they have on our behavior. Many insights into new markets or outmoded organizational practices fail to get put into practice because they conflict with powerful, tacit mental models. Institutional learning is the process whereby people change their shared mental models of the company, their markets, and their competitors. Building Shared Vision If any one idea about leadership has inspired organizations for thousands of years, it’s the capacity to hold a shared picture of the future we seek to create. When there is a genuine vision, people excel and learn, not because they are told to, but because they want to. But many leaders have personal visions that never get translated into shared visions that galvanize an organization. All too often, a company’s vision revolves around the charisma of a leader, or around a crisis that galvanizes everyone temporarily. But, people must pursue a lofty goal, not only in times of crisis but at all times. What is needed is a discipline for translating individual vision into shared vision – not a â€Å"cook book† but a set of principles and guiding practices. Team Learning The discipline of team learning starts with â€Å"dialogue,† the capacity of team members to suspend assumptions and enter into a genuine â€Å"thinking together.† Dialogue also involves learning how to recognize the patterns of interaction in teams that undermine learning. The patterns of defensiveness are often deeply engrained in how a team operates. If unrecognized, they undermine learning. If recognized, they can actually accelerate learning. Assessing the organization’s learning disability Most organizations learn poorly. The way they are designed and managed, the way people’s jobs are defined, and most importantly, the way people have been taught to think and interact, create fundamental learning disabilities. When people in organizations focus only on their position, they have little sense of responsibility for the results they produce. Moreover, when results are disappointing, we tend to find someone or something outside ourselves to blame when things go wrong. All too often, â€Å"proactiveness† is reactiveness in disguise. True proactiveness comes from seeing how we contribute to our own problems. Actions in organizations are dominated by concern with events: last month’s sales, the new budget cuts, the last quarter’s earnings, who just got promoted or fired, the new product our competitors just announced, the delay in launching a new product, and so on. Our fixation on events is actually part of our evolutionary programming. The irony is that today the primary threats to our survival, both of our organizations and of our societies, come not from sudden events but from slow, gradual processes. The arms race, environmental decay, the erosion of our society’s public education system, increasingly obsolete physical capital, and decline in design or product quality are all slow, gradual processes. Learning to see slow, gradual processes requires slowing down our frenetic pace and paying attention to the subtle as well as the dramatic. We learn best from experience but we never directly experience the consequences of many of our most important decisions. The most critical decisions made in organizations have systemwide consequences that stretch over years or decades. Systems thinking Systems thinking is the fifth discipline. It is the conceptual cornerstone that underlies all the five learning disciplines. The easy or familiar solution is not only ineffective; sometimes it is addictive and dangerous. The long-term, insidious consequence of applying non-systemic solutions is the increased need for more and more of the solution. There is a fundamental mismatch between the nature of reality in complex systems and our predominant ways of thinking about that reality. The first step in correcting that mismatch is to let go of the notion that cause and effect are close in time and space. Tackling a difficult problem is also a matter of seeing where the high leverage lies, a change which – with a minimum of  effort would lead to lasting, significant improvement. This point is quite similar to what Malcolm Gladwell makes in his book, â€Å"The Tipping Point†. Without systems thinking, there is neither the incentive nor the means to integrate the learning disciplines that have come into practice. Systems thinking is the cornerstone of how learning organizations think about their world. Sophisticated tools of forecasting and business analysis, as well as elegant strategic plans, usually fail to produce dramatic breakthroughs in managing a business. They are all designed to handle the sort of complexity in which there are many variables. Senge calls it detail complexity. But there is another type of complexity, where cause and effect are subtle, and where the effects over time of interventions are not obvious. This, Senge calls dynamic complexity. Conventional forecasting, planning, and analysis are not equipped to deal with dynamic complexity. When the same action has dramatically different effects in the short run and in the long run, there is dynamic complexity. When an action has one set of consequences locally and a very different set of consequences in another part of the system, there is dynamic complexity. When obvious interventions produce non-obvious consequences, there is dynamic complexity. The real leverage in most management situations lies in understanding dynamic complexity, not detail complexity. Unfortunately, most â€Å"systems analyses† focus on detail complexity, not dynamic complexity. Systems thinking is useful for describing a vast array of interrelationships and patterns of change. Ultimately, it helps us see the deeper patterns lying behind the events and the details. In mastering systems thinking, we give up the assumption that there must be an individual, or individual agent, responsible. Everyone shares responsibility for problems generated by a system. That does not necessarily imply that everyone involved can exert equal leverage in changing the system. But it discourages the search for scapegoats. In reinforcing processes, a small change builds on itself. A small action snowballs, with more and more and still more of the same, resembling compounding interest. But there’s nothing inherently bad about reinforcing loops. There are also â€Å"virtuous cycles† – processes that reinforce in  desired directions. If we are in a balancing system, we are in a system that is seeking stability. If the system’s goal is one we like, we will be happy. If it is not, we will find all our efforts to change matters frustrated until we can either change the goal or weaken its influence. Nature loves a balance – but many times, human decision makers act contrary to these balances, and pay the price. In general, balancing loops are more difficult to see than reinforcing loops because it often looks like nothing is happening. Leaders who attempt organizational change often find themselves unwittingly caught in balancing processes. To the leaders, it looks as though their efforts are clashing with the sudden resistance that seems to come from nowhere. In fact, the resistance is a response by the system, trying to maintain an implicit system goal. Until this goal is recognized, the change effort is doomed to failure. Systems seem to have minds of their own. This is specially evident in delays between actions and their consequences. Delays can make us badly overshoot the mark, or they can have a positive effect if we recognize them and work with them. That’s one of the lessons of balancing loops with delays. Aggressive action often produces exactly the opposite of what is intended. It produces instability and oscillation, instead of moving us more quickly toward our goal. Symptomatic intervention A reinforcing (amplifying) process is set in motion to produce a desired result. It creates a spiral of success but also creates inadvertent secondary effects (manifested in a balancing process) which eventually slow down the success. Instead of trying to push growth, we must remove the factors limiting growth. An underlying problem generates symptoms that demand attention. But such a problem is difficult for people to address, either because it is obscure or costly to confront. So people â€Å"shift the burden† of their problem to other solutions – well-intentioned, easy fixes which seem extremely efficient. Solutions that address only the symptoms of a problem, not fundamental causes, tend to have short term benefits at best. In the long term, the problem resurfaces and there is increased pressure for symptomatic response. Meanwhile, the capability for fundamental solutions  can atrophy. Symptomatic intervention; the â€Å"quick fix,† solves the problem symptom quickly, but only temporarily. In case of a more fundamental response to the problem, it takes longer to become evident. However, the fundamental solution works far more effectively. It may be the only enduring way to deal with the problem. The shifting burden structure explains a wide range of behaviors where well-intended â€Å"solutions† actually make matters worse over the long term. Opting for â€Å"symptomatic solutions† is enticing. Apparent improvement is achieved. Pressures, either external or internal, to â€Å"do something† about a vexing problem are relieved. But easing a problem symptom also reduces any perceived need to find a more fundamental solution. Over time, people rely more and more on the symptomatic solution. Without anyone making a conscious decision, people have â€Å"shifted the burden† to increasing reliance on symptomatic solutions. A special case of shifting the burden, which recurs with alarming frequency, is â€Å"eroding goals.† Whenever there is a gap between our goals and our current situation there are two sets of pressures: to improve the situation and to lower our goals. Dealing effectively with the situation requires a combination of strengthening the fundamental response and weakening the symptomatic response. Strengthening fundamental responses almost always requires a long-term orientation and a sense of shared vision. Weakening the symptomatic response requires willingness to face the truth about palliatives and â€Å"looking good† solutions. Leverage The bottom line of systems thinking is leverage. We must see where small actions and changes in structures can lead to significant, enduring improvements. The best results come not from largescale efforts but from small well-focused actions. Nonsystematic ways of thinking consistently lead us to focus on low-leverage changes, on symptoms where the stress is greatest. So we repair or ameliorate the symptoms. But such efforts only make matters worse in the long run. Systems thinking means organizing complexity into a coherent story that illuminates the cause of problems and how they can be remedied in enduring ways. The increasing complexity of today’s world leads many managers to assume that they lack the information they need to act effectively. The fundamental â€Å"information problem† faced by managers is not too little information but too much information. What we  most need are ways to know what is important and what is not  important, what variables to focus on and which to pay less attention to. This will generate leverage. Personal Mastery Organizations learn only if individual employees who learn. Individual learning is a necessary, through not sufficient condition for organizational learning. We must make personal mastery a part of our lives. This involves continually clarifying what is important to us. We often spend too much time coping with problems along our path that we only have a vague idea of what’s really important to us. We also need to see current reality more clearly. We’ve all known people entangled in counterproductive relationships, who remain stuck because they keep pretending everything is all right. In moving toward a desired destination, it is vital to know where we are now. The juxtaposition of vision and a clear picture of current reality generates â€Å"creative tension†. The essence of personal mastery is learning how to generate and sustain creative tension in our lives. The gap between vision and current reality is a source of creative energy. If there is no gap, there wo uld be no need for any action to move toward the vision. But when there is a gap between the goals and the current reality, negative emotion may also arise. We may lower our goals when we are unwilling to live with emotional tension. On the other hand, when we understand creative tension and allow it to operate by not lowering our vision, vision becomes an active force. Truly creative people use the gap between vision and current reality to generate energy for change. Mastery of creative tension leads to a fundamental shift in our whole posture toward reality. Current reality becomes our ally not an enemy. An accurate, insightful view of current reality is as important as a clear vision. If the first choice in pursuing personal mastery is to be true to our own vision, the second fundamental choice in support of personal mastery is commitment to the truth. What limits our ability to create what we really want is belief in our powerlessness and unworthiness. People cope with these problems in different ways. Letting our vision erode is one such strategy. The second is to try to  manipulate ourselves into greater effort toward what we want by creating artificial conflict, such as through avoiding what we do not want. Some people psyche themselves up to overpower all forms of resistance to achieving their goals. Willpower is so common among highly successful people that many see its characteristics as synonymous with success: a maniacal focus on goals, willingness to â€Å"pay the price,† ability to defeat any opposition and surmount any obstacle. Being committed to the truth is far more powerful than any technique. It means a relentless willingness to root out the ways we limit or deceive ourselves from seeing what is, and to continually challenge our theories or why things are the way they are. It means continually broadening our awareness. Focusing on the desired intrinsic result is a skill. For most of us, it is not easy at first, and takes time and patience to develop. As soon as we think of some important personal goal, almost immediately we think of all the reasons why it will be hard to achieve – the challenges we will face and the obstacles we will have to overcome. While this is very helpful for thinking through alternative strategies for achieving our goals, it is also a sign of lack of discipline when thoughts about â€Å"the process† of achieving our vision continually crowd out our focus on the outcomes we  seek. We must work at learning how to separate what we truly want, from what we think we need to do in order to achieve it. A useful starting exercise for learning how to focus more clearly on desired results is to take any particular goal or aspect of our vision. If we ask ourselves the question. â€Å"If I actually had this, what would it get me?†, the answer to that question reveals â€Å"deeper† desires lying behind the goal. In fact, the goal is actually an interim step to reach a more important result. Ultimately, what matters most in developing the subconscious rapport characteristic of masters is the genuine caring for a desired outcome, the deep feeling that it is the â€Å"right† goal. The subconscious seems especially receptive to goals in line with our deeper aspirations and values. People with high levels of personal mastery do not set out to integrate reason and intuition. Rather, they achieve it naturally – as a by-product of their commitment to use all the resources at their disposal. They cannot afford to choose between reason  and intuition, or head and heart. The discipline of seeing interrelationships gradually undermines older attitudes of blame and guilt. We begin to see that all of us are trapped in structures embedded both in our ways of thinking and in the interpersonal and social milieus in which we live. Our knee-jerk tendency to find fault with one another gradually fades, leaving a much deeper appreciation of the forces under which we all operate. Mental Models New insights fail to get put into practice because they conflict with deeply held internal images of how the world works. That is why the discipline of managing mental models – surfacing, testing, and improving our internal pictures of how the world works holds the key to building learning organizations. The problems with mental models arise not because they are right or wrong but because we often act without being aware of them. The healthy corporations are ones which can systematize ways to bring people together to develop the best possible mental models for facing any situation at hand. Learning skills fall into two broad classes: skills of reflection and skills of inquiry. Skills of reflection concern slowing down our own thinking processes so that we can become more aware of how we form our mental models and the ways they influence our actions. Inquiry skills are concerned with how we operate in face-to-face interactions with others, especially in dealing with complex issues. People who become lifelong learners practice â€Å"reflection in action,† the ability to reflect on one’s thinking while acting. Our mind tends to move at lightning speed. We immediately â€Å"leap† to generalizations so quickly that we never think of testing them. Our rational minds are extraordinarily facile at â€Å"abstracting† from concrete particulars – substituting simple concepts for many details and then reasoning in terms of these concepts. But our very strengths in abstract conceptual reasoning also limit our learning, when we are unaware of our leaps from particulars to general concepts. Leaps of abstraction occur when we move from direct observations (concrete â€Å"data†) to generalization without testing. Leaps of abstraction impede learning because they become axiomatic. What was once an assumption becomes treated as a fact. To spot leaps of abstraction, we need to keep asking what we believe about the way the world works – the nature of business, people in general, and specific individuals. We need to ask â€Å"What is the ‘data’ on which this generalization is based?† We need to ask, â€Å"Am I willing to consider that this generalization may be inaccurate or misleading? This is a powerful technique for beginning to â€Å"see† how our mental models operate in particular situations. It reveals ways that we manipulate situations to avoid dealing with how we actually think and feel, and thereby prevent a counterproductive situation from improving. Most managers are trained to be advocates. In fact, in many companies, what it means to be a competent manager is to figure out what needs to be done, and enlist whatever support is needed to get it done. Individuals became successful in part because of their abilities to debate forcefully and influence others. Inquiry skills, meanwhile, go unrecognized and unrewarded. But as managers rise to senior positions, they confront more complex and diverse issues. Suddenly, they need to tap insights from other people. They need to learn. Now the manager’s advocacy skills become counterproductive. What is needed is blending advocacy and inquiry to promote collaborative learning. When operating in pure advocacy, the goal is to win the argument. When inquiry and advocacy are combined, the goal is no longer â€Å"to win the argument† but to find the best argument. When we operate in pure advocacy, we tend to use data selectively, presenting only the data that confirm our position. When we explain the reasoning behind our position, we expose only enough of our reasoning to â€Å"make our case,† avoiding areas where we feel our case might be weak. By contrast, when both advocacy and inquiry are high, we are open to disconfirming data as well as confirming data – because we are genuinely interested in finding flaws in our view. Likewise, we expose our reasoning and look for flaws in it, and we try to understand others†™ reasoning. Learning eventually results in changes in action, not just taking in new information and forming new â€Å"ideas.† That is why recognizing the gap between our espoused theories (what we say) and our â€Å"theories-in-use† (the theories that lay behind our actions) is vital. Otherwise, we may believe we’ve â€Å"learned† something just because we’ve got the new language or concepts to use, even though our behavior is completely unchanged. Systems thinking is equally important to working with mental models effectively. Most of our  mental models are systematically flawed. They miss critical feedback relationships, misjudge time delays, and often focus on variables that are visible or salient, not necessarily high leverage. Understanding these flaws can help to see where prevailing mental models will be weakest and where more than just â€Å"surfing† the mental models will be required for effective decisions. Ultimately, the payoff from integrating systems thinking and mental models will be not only improving our mental models but altering our ways of thinking. T his will result in shifting from mental models dominated by events to mental models that recognize longer-term patterns of change and the underlying structures producing those patterns. Shared vision Shared vision is vital for the learning organization because it provides the focus and energy for learning. While adaptive learning is possible without vision, generative learning, occurs only when people are striving to accomplish something that matters deeply to them. In fact, the whole idea of generative learning will seem abstract and meaningless until people become excited about some vision they truly want to accomplish.  Vision creates the spark, the excitement that lifts an organization out of the mundane. Shared vision fosters risk taking and experimentation. People know what needs to be done. Even if they don’t know how to do it, they keep experimenting till they succeed. But even when they experiment, there is no ambiguity at all. It’s perfectly clear why they are doing it. Organizations intent on building shared visions continually encourage members to develop their personal visions. They want people to have their own vision, not to â€Å"sign up† for someone else’s. That leads to compliance, not commitment. On the other hand, people with a strong sense of personal direction can join together to move toward what they truly want. Personal mastery is the bedrock for developing a shared vision. This means not only personal vision, but commitment to the truth and creative tension – the hallmarks of personal mastery. The origin of the vision is much less important than the process whereby it comes to be shared. It is not truly a â€Å"shared vision† until it  connects with the personal visions of people throughout the organization. In many organizations, most people are in states of formal or genuine compliance with the organization’s goals and ground rules. They go along with â€Å"the program,† sincerely trying to contribute. On the other hand, people in non-compliance or grudging compliance usually stand out. They are opposed to the goals or ground rules and let their opposition be known, either through inaction or through grudging obedience. An organization made up of genuinely compliant people will be very productive and cost effective. Yet, there is a world of difference between compliance and commitment. The committed person brings an energy, passion, and excitement that cannot be generated if he is only compliant. The committed person does not play by the â€Å"rules of the game.† He is responsible for the game. If the rules of the game stand in the way of achieving the vision, he will find ways to change the rules. A group of people truly committed to a common vision is an awesome force. They can accomplish the seemingly impossible. Building shared vision is actually only one piece of a larger activity: developing the â€Å"governing ideas† for the enterprise, its vision, purpose or mission, and core values. These governing ideas answer three critical questions: â€Å"What?† â€Å"Why?† and â€Å"How?† †¢ †¢ †¢ Vision is the â€Å"What?† – the picture of the future we seek to create. Purpose (or â€Å"mission†) is the â€Å"Why?† the organization’s answer to the question, â€Å"Why do we exist?† Core values answer the question â€Å"How do we want to act? A company’s values describe how the company wants life to be on a day-to-day basis, while pursuing the vision. There are two fundamental sources of energy that can motivate organizations: fear and aspiration. Fear can produce extraordinary changes for short periods, but aspiration is a continuing source of learning and growth. Vision spreads because of a reinforcing process of increasing clarity, enthusiasm, communication and commitment. As people talk, the vision grows clearer, enthusiasm for its benefit builds and the vision starts to spread in a reinforcing spiral of communication and excitement. Enthusiasm can also be reinforced by early successes in pursuing the vision. If the reinforcing process operates unfettered, it leads to continuing growth  in clarity and shared commitment toward the vision, among increasing numbers of people. But any of a variety of limiting factors can come into play to slow down this virtuous cycle. The visioning process can wither if, as more people get involved, the diversity of views dissipates focus and generates unmanageable conflicts. People see different ideal futures. Must those who do not agree immediately with the emerging shared vision change their views? Do they conclude that the vision is â€Å"set in stone† and no longer influenceable? Do they feel that their own visions even matter? If the answer to any of these questions is â€Å"yes,† the enrolling process can grind to a halt with a wave of increasing polarization. This is a classic â€Å"limits to growth† structure, where the reinforcing process of growing enthusiasm for the vision interacts with a â€Å"balancing process† that limits the spread of the vision, due to increasing diversity and polarization. In limits to growth structures, leverage usually lies in understanding the â€Å"limiting factor,† the implicit goal or norm that drives the balancing feedback process. In this case, that limiting factor is the ability (or inability) to inquire into diverse visions in such a way that deeper, common visions emerge. The visioning process is a special type of inquiry process. It is an inquiry into the future we truly seek to create. If it becomes a pure advocacy process, it will result in compliance, at best, not commitment. Approaching visioning as an inquiry process does not mean that we have to give up our views. On the contrary, visions need strong advocates. But advocates who can also inquire into others’ visions open the possibility for the vision to evolve, to become â€Å"larger† than our individual visions. Visions can die because people become discouraged by the apparent difficulty in converting them into reality. As clarity about the nature of the vision increases, so does the awareness of the gap between the vision and current reality. People become disheartened, uncertain, or even cynical, leading to a decline in enthusiasm. In this structure, the limiting factor is the capacity of people in the organization to â€Å"hold† creative tension, the central principle of personal mastery. This is why personal mastery is the â€Å"bedrock† for developing shared vision – organizations that do not encourage personal mastery find it very difficult to foster sustained commitment to a lofty vision. Emerging visions can also die because people get overwhelmed by the demands of current reality and lose their focus on the vision. The  limiting factor becomes the time and energy to focus on a vision. In this case, the leverage must lie in either in finding ways to focus less time and effort on fighting crises and managing current reality, or to break off those pursing the new vision from those responsible for handling â€Å"current reality.† A vision can die if people forget their connection to one another. This is one of the reasons that approaching visioning as a joint inquiry is so important. The spirit of connection is fragile. It is undermined whenever we lose our respect for one another and for each other’s views. We then split into insiders and outsiders – those who are â€Å"true believers† in the vision and those who are not.